Who Can Count on Support? Dark Triad and Conversational Indirectness as Social Support Predictors

Jakub Filipkowski, Rafał Gerymski

Abstract


Presented study was conducted on 118 people – 48 men and 70 women, aged between 18 and 65 (M = 24.70; SD = 10.90). The recruitment of the subjects was done online. Snowball method of selection was used. The main goal of the study was to explore potential predictors of social support – the Dark Triad, a construct that consists of three features considered as undesirable: psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism, as well as a conversational style of indirectness, a tendency to both generate statements in which content is hidden, and to look for concealed messages in the statements of others. In addition, it was checked if there was an interaction between the explanatory variables. The discussed results partly confirm two hypotheses about the relationship of social support with the Dark Triad and conversational indirectness. It turned out that statistical analyzes partly confirmed two of the expected conclusions. Relations between Machiavellianism and psychopathy and social support, as well as between the subscale of conversational indirectness (generation) and social support proved to be significant. The expected interaction between the independent variables did not occur.


Keywords


social support; the Dark Triad; conversational indirectness; Machiavellianism; narcissism; psychopathy

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Adamska, K., Konarski, R. (2014). Polska adaptacja Skali stylu konwersacyjnej niebezpośredniości Thomasa Holtgravesa. Psychologia Społeczna, 9(3), 348–361. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7366/1896180020143007

Ali, F., Amorim, I.S., Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 758–762. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.016

APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Washington.

Austin, E.J., Farrelly, D., Black, C., Moore, H. (2007). Emotional intelligence, Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation: Does EI have a dark side? Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 179–189. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.019

Baird, S.A. (2002). The links between primary and secondary psychopathy and social adaptation. Colgate University Journal of the Sciences, 34, 61–82.

Barrera, M., Ainlay, S.L. (1983). The structure of social support: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 11(2). 133–143. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198304)11:2<133::AID-JCOP2290110207>3.0.CO;2-L

Bokuniewicz, S. (2015). Funkcjonowanie w środowisku społecznym osób wykazujących cechy psychopatyczne. Analiza teoretyczna. Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk, (5), 173–182. DOI: 10.15503/onis2015.173.182

Bost, K.K., Vaughn, B.E., Washington, W.N., Cielinski, K.L., Bradbard, M.R. (1998). Social competence, social support, and attachment: Demarcation of construct domains, measurement, and paths of influence for preschool children attending Head Start. Child Development, 69(1), 192–218. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1132080

Buffardi, L.E., Campbell, W.K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1303–1314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320061

Carre, J.R., Jones, D.N. (2016). The impact of social support and coercion salience on Dark Triad decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 92–95. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.006

Chabrol, H., Melioli, T., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., Goutaudier, N. (2015). The Dark Tetrad: Identifying personality profiles in high-school students. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 97–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.051

Christie, R., Geis, F.L. (2013). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.

Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300–314. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003

Cohen, S., Wills, T.A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310

Cornell, D.G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 783–790. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783

Czarna, A.Z., Jonason, P.K., Dufner, M., Kossowska, M. (2016). The Dirty Dozen Scale: Validation of a Polish Version and Extension of the Nomological Net. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00445

Daly, J.A., Vangelisti, A.L., Daughton, S.M. (1987). The nature and correlates of conversational sensitivity. Human Communication Research, 14(2), 167–202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783

De Witt, N.W. (1954). Epicurus and His Philosophy. London: Oxford University Press.

Derbis, R., Filipkowski, J. (2018). Motywacja osiągnięć, ciemna triada i zaangażowanie w pracę jako korelaty zachowań kontrproduktywnych. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(3), 627–639. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14691/CPPJ.24.3.627

Egan, V., Chan, S., Shorter, G.W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 17–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6

Elias, M.J., Haynes, N.M. (2008). Social competence, social support, and academic achievement in minority, low-income, urban elementary school children. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 474–495. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.23.4.474

Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S.G.B. (1965). The Eysenck Personality Inventory. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 14(1), 140. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3119050

Funch, D.P., Marshall, J. (1983). The role of stress, social support and age in survival from breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27(1), 77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(83)90112-5

George, D., Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: Answers to selected exercises. A Simple Guide and Reference. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 63, 1461–1470.

Gerymski, R. (2018). Wsparcie i radzenie sobie ze stresem jako moderatory związku stresu i jakości życia osób transpłciowych. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(3), 607–616. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14691/CPPJ.24.3.607

Hare, R.D. (1985). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 7–16. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.1.7

Hare, R.D. (2008). Psychopaci są wśród nas. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak.

Hare, R.D., Black, P.J., Walsh, Z. (2013). The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Forensic Applications and Limitations. W: R.P. Archer, E.M.A. Wheeler (eds.), Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments (s. 230–265). London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Hauser, M.D., Chomsky, N., Fitch, W.T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298(5598), 1569–1579. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569

Holtgraves, T. (1997). Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 624. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.624

Jakobwitz, S., Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331–339. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006

Jonason, P.K., Webster, G.D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420–432. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019265

Jonason, P.K., Slomski, S., Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 449–453. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.008

Jonason, P.K., Lyons, M., Bethell, E.J., Ross, R. (2013). Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the Dark Triad and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 572–576. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.009

Jonason, P.K., Baughman, H.M., Carter, G.L., Parker, P. (2015). Dorian Gray without his portrait: Psychological, social, and physical health costs associated with the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 5–13. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.008

Jones, D.N., Paulhus, D.L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105

Justice, A. (2016). The Relationship of Empathy and Impulsivity to the Dark Tetrad of Personality. Abilene: Abilene Christian University.

Kim, S.N., Lee, S.B. (2013). Spiritual well-being, social support, life satisfaction and depression in the community dwelling elderly. Journal of East-West Nursing Research, 19(2), 186–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14370/jewnr.2013.19.2.186

Kurcz, I. (2002). Język i komunikacja. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (s. 231–233). Gdańsk: GWP.

Lilienfeld, S.O., Andrews, B.P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(3), 488–524. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3

Malecki, C.K., Demaray, M.K. (2002). Measuring perceived social support: Development of the child and adolescent social support scale (CASSS). Psychology in the Schools, 39(1), 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10004

McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81

Muangman, P., Sullivan, S.R., Wiechman, S., Bauer, G., Honari, S., Heimbach, D.M., Gibran, N.S. (2005). Social support correlates with survival in patients with massive burn injury. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 26(4), 352–356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000169894.37249.4D

Ober, J. (2013). Funkcja i rola efektywnej komunikacji w zarządzaniu. Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska, 65, 257–266.

Paal, T., Bereczkei, T. (2007). Adult theory of mind, cooperation, Machiavellianism: The effect of mindreading on social relations. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(3), 541–551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10059-008-0017-4

Parandowski, J. (1992). Mitologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Puls.

Paulhus, D.L., Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6

Penney, L.M., Spector, P.E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1–2), 126–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2015.12.001

Pilch, I. (2014). Makiawelizm, narcyzm, psychopatia: ciemna triada jako próba opisania osobowości eksploatatora. Chowanna, 43(2), 165–181.

Pilch, I., Sanecka, E., Hyla, M., Atłas, K. (2015). Polska adaptacja skali TriPM do badania psychopatii w ujęciu triarchicznym. Psychologia Społeczna, 10, 435–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7366/1896180020153506

Pistrang, N., Barker, C., Rutter, C. (1997). Social support as conversation: Analysing breast cancer patients’ interactions with their partners. Social Science & Medicine, 45(5), 773–782. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00413-3

Preacher, K.J., Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879−891. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Raskin, R.N., Hall, C.S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590–590. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590

Rauthmann, J.F. (2012). The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 487–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611427608

Reblin, M., Uchino, B.N. (2008). Social and emotional support and its implication for health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(2), 201–205. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f3ad89

Russell, D.W., Altmaier, E., Van Velzen, D. (1987). Job-related stress, social support, and burnout among classroom teachers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 269–274. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.2.269

Sęk, H. (2003). Wsparcie społeczne jako kategoria zasobów i wieloznaczne funkcje wsparcia. W: Z. Juczyński, N. Ogińska-Bulik (red.), Zasoby osobiste i społeczne sprzyjające zdrowiu jednostki (s. 17–32). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.

Tannen, D. (1981). Indirectness in discourse: Ethnicity as conversational style. Discourse Processes, 4(3), 221–238.

Tsuda, S. (1993). Indirectness in Discourse: What Does it Do in Conversation? Intercultural Communication Studies, 3(1), 63–74.

Vandenberg, R.J. (2006). Introduction: statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Where, pray tell, did they get this idea? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105285506

Wai, M., Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008

Zarzycka, D., Śpila, B., Wrońska, I., Makara-Studzińska, M. (2010). Analiza walidacyjna wybranych aspektów Skali Oceny Wsparcia Społecznego. Psychiatria, 7(3), 83–94.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2020.33.2.253-269
Date of publication: 2020-06-29 17:49:03
Date of submission: 2019-07-31 11:48:59


Statistics


Total abstract view - 2874
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 2033

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Jakub Filipkowski

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.