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Email this article Parasocial Relationships between Humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Emphasis on Romantic Relationships
Abstract
The study conducted a literature review on parasocial relationships between humans and AI-based chatbots, with a particular emphasis on romantic relationships. Definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) are analyzed, and the functioning of AI systems is discussed. Psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of human-chatbot bonds are described, including anthropomorphization, pseudo-intimacy, emotional solipsism, attachment theory, attribution of theory of mind, and the dual consciousness mechanism. Various roles that an AI companion can fulfill are considered, including the role of servant, assistant, therapist, and friend. The characteristics of romantic relationships with chatbots are presented, taking into account partner trait selection, Sternberg’s components of love, and the sexual dimension realized through erotic role-playing and sexting. Potential neurobiological mechanisms of this bond are identified, emphasizing the possible lack of full activation of the oxytocin system due to the absence of physical contact. Psychosocial consequences of interactions with chatbots are discussed, indicating both benefits (reduction of loneliness, emotional support) and threats (behavioral addiction, decline in social competencies, ethical issues). Research gaps requiring further analysis are identified, particularly in the area of neuroimaging studies and long-term effects of relationships with AI.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2026.39.1.199-220
Date of publication: 2026-05-06 09:44:12
Date of submission: 2025-12-31 14:15:42
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