Hide
Show all
Email this article 
Iceland’s P olicy T owards the A rctic in the C ontext of S ecurity C hallenges in the Region
Abstract
Iceland, despite being a relatively small geographic country, is trying to pursue an active and ambitious foreign policy in the Arctic region. This implies the need to develop a strategy that would realize Iceland’s vital interests and at the same time ensure that the anticipated exploitation of the various Arctic resources does not adversely affect the security of the state. This paper presents an analysis of the concept of Iceland’s Arctic policy and the ways in which it is implemented, with particular emphasis on the main challenges and problems that the state can play in building a stable position in the region.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (Język Polski)References
AGREE MENT ON COOPERATION ON MARINE OIL POLL UTION PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE IN T HE ARCTIC , http://www.arctic-council.org/eppr/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/NCR –5979727-v1-OPERATIONAL _GUIDELINES _ENGLIS H_FINAL _WIT H_UPDATE _PROCED URES _NO _PHONE _NR .pdf (28.07.2016).
AFP, 2014: Iceland environmentalists protest as China joins Arctic oil race, dostępny on-line: http://phys.org/news/2014-03-iceland-environmentalists-protest-china-arctic.html (31.08.2016).
ALT HINGI , 2011: A Parliamentary Resolution on Iceland’s Arctic Policy, dostępny on-line: https://www.mfa.is/media/nordurlandaskrifstofa/A-Parliamentary-Resolution-on-ICE -Arctic-Policy-approved-by-Althingi.pdf (28.07.2016).
ARCTIC CO UNCIL , 2011: Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic (SAR or Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement), Nuuk, Greenland, 2011, http://arcticportal.org/arctic-governance/international-agreements/ (28.07.2016).
ARCTICCO UNCIL , 2013: Agreement On Cooperation On Aeronautical And Maritime Search And Rescue In The Arctic, https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/531/EDOCS -3661-v1-AC MMDK 07_Nuuk_2011_SAR _Search_and_Rescue_Agreement_signed_EN _FR_RU.PD F?sequence=5&isAllowed=y (28.07.2016).
ARCTIC PORTAL , 2014: West Nordic Council Annual Meeting, dostępny on-line: http://arcticportal.org/news/25-other-news/1294-west-nordic-council-annual-meeting (22.08.2016).
ARNARSD ÓTTIR E .A., 2015: U.S. Military to Reopen Base in Iceland? Iceland on Review Line, dostępny on-line: http://icelandreview.com/news/2015/09/11/us-military-reopen-base-iceland (27.07.2016).
ASGRI MSSON H., 2003: The Position of Small States in the 21st Century. Address by Mr. Halldor Asgrimsson, Minister for Foreign Affairs, at a Luncheon Meeting of the Association of Icelandic Historians in the Nordic House on 2/09/2003, dostępny on-line: https://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/1983 (27.07.2016).
CIA , 2016: World Factbook: Iceland, dostępny on-line: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ic.html (28.07.2016).
THE BARENTS OBSER VER , 2015: Germany, Iceland cooperate on new port for Transpolar shipping, dostępny on-line: http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2015/10/germany-iceland-cooperate-new-port-transpolar-shipping-17-10 (28.07.2016).
CO MMITTEE FOR T HE DE VELOP MENT O F A NATIONAL SEC URITY POLICY FOR ICELAND , [bdw]: Proposals, [bmw], dostępny on-line: http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/iceland/documents/press_corner/20140324_en.pdf (28.07.2016).
DODDS K ., INGI MUNDARSON V., 2012: Territorial nationalism and Arctic geopolitics: Iceland as an Arctic coastal state, “The Polar Journal” 2012, vol. 2, nr 1, s. 21–37.
DU J., 2014: CNOOC licensed to seek Arctic oil, China Daily, dostępny on-line: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-03/04/content_17319366.htm (30.08.2016).
DUCHÂTEL M., BR ÄUNER O ., HANG Z ., 2014: Protecting China’s Overseas Interests. The Slow Shift away from Non-interference, SIPRI Policy Paper (41), June 2014, s. 8–29.
EMBASSY O F ICELAND IN MOSCOW , [bdw]: Iceland and Russia: communication cable, adoption, the Arctic and geothermal energy, dostępny on-line: http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ru/english/news-and-events/iceland-and-russia-communication-cable-adoption-the-arctic-and-geothermal-energy/8456/ (22.08.216).
EUDESY ., 2013: Iceland: Money from China, Le Mond, dostępny on-line: http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/europe-iceland-chinese-billionaire-purchase-land-ownership-heirs-sell-childhood-wealthy-businessman-construction-hotel-jobs-tax-revenue-national-park-sustainable-development (02.09.2016).
FU X., 2012: China’s Role in Global Economic Recovery, New York.
THEGO VERN MENTO F ICELAND , 2009: Submission by the Republic of Iceland to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines, 29.04.2009, dostępny on-line: http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_isl_27_2009.htm, (28.07.2016).
THEGO VERN MENTO F T HE FAROEISLANDS , 2006: Faroes and Iceland forging a strong alliance, dostępny on-line: http://www.government.fo/news/news/faroes-and-iceland-forginga-strong-alliance/ (28.07.2016).
HIGGINS A ., 2013: Teeing Off at the Edge of the Arctic? A Climate Plan Baffles Iceland, The New York Times, dostępny on-line: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/world/europe/icelandbaffled-by-chinese-plan-for-golf-resort.html (30.08.2016).
THE ILULISSAT DECLARATION – 28.05.2008, dostępny on-line: http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf (26.07.2016).
JOHNSTONE , R .L., 2016: Little Fish, Big Pond: Icelandic Interests and Influence in Arctic Governance, “Nordicum Mediteranneum”, 11(2), dostępny on-line: http://nome.unak.is/wordpress/volume-11-no-2-2016/conference-proceeding-volume-11-no-2-2016/little-fish-big-pond-icelandic-interests-influence-arctic-governance/#_edn3 (27.07.2016).
JOINTSTATE MENTBETWEENT HEGO VERN MENTO F T HEPEOPLE ‘SREP UBLICO F CHINAANDT HEGO VERN MENTO F ICELANDONCO MPRE HENSI VELYDEEPENING BILATERALCOOPERATION , 15.04.2013, dostępny on-line: https://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/frettir1/Joint-statement-of-PMs-Iceland-China-2013.pdf (02.09.2016).
MBL .IS , 2014: Will be granted licences for oil exploration next week, dostępny on-line: http://www.mbl.is/vidskipti/frettir/2014/01/17/fa_leyfi_til_oliuleitar_i_naestu_viku/ (30.07.2016).
MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN A FFAIRS , 2013: Iceland to open Consulate General in Nuuk on 1 July, dostępny on-line: https://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/7725 (27.07.2016).
MINISTRYO F ENERGYO F T HER USSIAN FEDERATION , 2010: Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030, Moscow, dostępny on-line: http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES -2030_(Eng).pdf (22.08.2016).
MINISTRY O F FOREIGN A FFAIRS O F ICELAND , 2014: Annual Meeting of Hoyvik Council of Iceland and Faroe Islands, dostępny on-line: http://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/8206 (22.08.2016).
NATO PRESS , 2015: Secretary General: Iceland plays important role to keep NATO strong, dostępny on-line: http://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/news_118735.htm?selectedLocale=en (27.07.2016).
PULKO VO AIRPORT , 2012: Direct Reykjavik-Moscow airlines scheduled for opening in 2012, dostępny on-line: http://www.pulkovoairport.ru/en/about/news/2012/1946/(24.03.2015).
RENEWABLE ENERGY WEBSITE , 2001: Renewable Energy in Iceland, dostępny on-line: http://www.reuk.co.uk/Renewable-Energy-in-Iceland.htm (28.07.2016).
SHAAN XI GREEN ENERGY GEOT HER MAL DE VELOP MENT , History, [bdw], dostępny on-line: http://www.sinopecge.com/eng/about.asp?action=fazhan (22.08.2016).
SHELL O , DEL URY J., 2014: Wealth And Power. China’s Long March To The Twenty-First Century, New York.
STATISTICS ICELAND , 2016: Iceland in figures 2016, Reykjavík, dostępny on-line: http://www.statice.is/media/49863/icelandinfigures2016.pdf (28.07.2016).
STO UDNE VA Y ., [bdw]: Russia and Iceland: Arctic Gravitation, RIAC , dostępny on-line: http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=854 (22.08.2016).
TAYLOR , A ., 2016: Icelandic Economist: Yes, We Might Adopt The Canadian Dollar, And It’s Probably A Good Idea, Bussines Insider, dostępny on-line: http://www.businessinsider.com/iceland-canadian-dollar-heidar-gudjonsson-2012-5?IR =T (27.07.2016).
UNU-GTP , dostępny on-line: http://www.unugtp.is/en/organization/what-is- (21.08.2016).
UTANR ÍKISR ÁÐUNEYTI Ð, 2009: Ísland á norðurslóðum (“Iceland in the High North”), Reykiavik, dostępny on-line: https://www.utanrikisraduneyti.is/media/Skyrslur/Skyrslan_Island_a_nordurslodumm.pdf (28.07.2016).
VALDI MARSSON , O .R., 2013: Iceland is first in Europe to sign free trade pact with China, Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-15/iceland-is-first-in-europeto-sign-free-trade-pact-with-china (27.07.2016).
VEALL ., 2010: Energy: Little Iceland Digs Deep and Far for More, IPS , dostępny on-line: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/10/energy-little-iceland-digs-deep-and-far-for-more/ (21.08.2016).
VEALL ., 2010: Iceland banks on geothermal for economic expansion, T he G uardian, dostępny on-line: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/oct/12/iceland-banks-geothermaleconomic (29.07.2016).
WANG J., [bdw]: Zhongkun denies Iceland deal, dostępny on-line: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/707745.shtml (01.09.2016).
СТУДНЕВА E ., 2011: Арктический и энергетический диалог России и Исландии – в интересах стран-соседей, I nteraffairs.ru, 29.11.2011, dostępny on-line: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/8089 (22.08.2016).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2017.12.2.163
Date of publication: 2018-09-17 14:22:21
Date of submission: 2018-09-17 14:05:18
Statistics
Indicators
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 Karolina Chyla
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.