Rywalizacja saudyjsko-irańska w Jemenie: uwarunkowania i eskalacja w latach 2010–2015

Robin Kural

Streszczenie w języku polskim


Powstania arabskie, które rozpoczęły się pod koniec 2010 roku, zachwiały równowagą sił na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz przyniosły zarówno szanse, jak i obawy dla Arabii Saudyjskiej i Iranu. Niestabilność w Jemenie prowadzi do konfrontacji Rijadu i Teheranu ze względu na znaczenie jego położenia geograficznego, ponieważ wszelkie wydarzenia w Jemenie bezpośrednio wpływają zarówno na Arabię Saudyjską, jak i Iran. Aby ograniczyć wzajemne wpływy w Jemenie, zarówno Rijad, jak i Teheran dążą do uzyskania tam dominacji. Choć działania te realizowane są poprzez lokalnych aktorów w Jemenie, w przypadku ich nieskuteczności Arabia Saudyjska zdecydowała się na bezpośrednie zaangażowanie militarne w 2015 roku. Podczas gdy podejście Arabii Saudyjskiej polega na utrzymaniu status quo, Iran z kolei stara się je podważyć. Artykuł próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jaki sposób i dlaczego Arabia Saudyjska oraz Iran rywalizują ze sobą w Jemenie w latach 2010–2015 w kontekście dylematu bezpieczeństwa.


Słowa kluczowe


Saudi Arabia; Iran; Yemen; Arab uprisings; proxy wars; geopolitics; security dilemma

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


Abdo, G. (2017). The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi’a Sunni Divide. Oxford University Press.

Abualhassan, F. (2015, April 20). Saudi-led coalition is not driven by sectarianism. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/4/20/saudi-led-coalition-is-not-driven-by-sectarianism/

Al Alkim, H.H. (2021). U.S. President Joe Biden’s foreign policy towards the Gulf. Open Journal

of Political Science, 11(3), 378–401. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2021.113026

Al Arabiya News. (2015, March 25). Hadi asks U.N. to back military action by ‘willing countries. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/03/25/Yemen-asks-U-N-to-back-militaryaction-by-willing-countries-

Al-Faisal, T. (2013, October 24). Saudi foreign policy today. Middle East Policy Council. https://mepc.org/speeches/saudi-foreign-policy-today/

Ardemagni, E. (2019). The Huthis: Adaptable Players in Yemen’s Multiple Geographies. CRISSMA.

Baron, A., Al-Muslimi, F. (2016). The Politics Driving Yemen’s Rising Sectarianism. Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies.

Bradley, J.R. (2006). Iran’s ethnic tinderbox. The Washington Quarterly, 30(1), 181–190.

Calabrese, J.R. (2020). The Saudi-Iran sytrategic rivalry: Like fi re and dynamite. In: I.M. Thompson, Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 59–79). Georgetown University Press.

Cambanis, T. (2014, April 14). Iran is winning the war for dominance of the Middle East. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/14/yemen-iran-saudi-arabia-middle-east/

Cambanis, T. (2015, June 16). Managing the war in Yemen: Diplomatic opportunities in the Mayhem. The Century Foundation. https://tcf.org/content/commentary/managing-the-war-in-yemen-diplomatic-opportunities-in-the-mayhem/?session=1&session=1

Cerioli, L.G. (2018). Roles and international behaviour: Saudi-Iranian rivalry in Bahrain’s and Yemen’s Arab Spring. Contexto Internacional, 40(2), 295–317.

Chubin, S., Tripp, Ch. (2014). Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order. Routledge.

Dehghan, S.K. (2017, November 8). Iran’s president says Saudi Arabia behind ‘hostility’ in region. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/08/hassan-rouhani-saudi-arabiais-behind-range-of-hostile-acts-in-region

Esfandiary, D., Tabatabai, A. (2016). Yemen: An opportunity for Iran-Saudi dialogue? The Washington Quarterly, 39(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204415

Fattah, K. (2013, November 23). Yemen – another battlefi eld in Saudi-Iran proxy war. Middle East Voices. https://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2013/11/insight-yemen-another-battlefi eld-insaudi-iran-proxy-war-16406/

Feierstein, G.M. (2019). Yemen: The 60-Year War. Middle East Institute.

Fields, J. (2026, April 4). US and Iran: A brief history of how decades of mistrust and bad blood led to open warfare. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/us-and-iran-a-brief-history-ofhow-decades-of-mistrust-and-bad-blood-led-to-open-warfare-279712

Garlick, J., Havlova, R. (2020). China’s “Belt and Road” economic diplomacy in the Persian Gulf: Strategic hedging amidst Saudi-Iranian regional rivalry. Journal of Current Chinese Aff airs, 49(1), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619898706

Gregory, G.I. (2011). Saudi Arabia’s regional security strategy. In M. Kamrava (Ed.), International Politics of the Persian Gulf (pp. 169–183). Syracuse University Press.

Haji-Yousefi , A. (2012). Iran and the 2011 Arab revolutions: Perceptions and actions. Discourse. An Iranian Quarterly, 10(1/2), 23–60.

Herz, J.H. (1951). Political Realism and Political Idealism. A Study in Theories and Realities. University of Chicago Press.

Hinnebusch, R. (2015). The Arab uprisings: Alignments and the regional power balance. In N.L. Fahed al-Sumait (Ed.), The Arab Uprisings: Catalysts, Dynamics, and Trajectories (pp. 207–226). Rowman & Littlefi eld.

Hurd, E.S. (2015). Politics of sectarianism: Rethinking religion and politics in the Middle East. Middle East Law and Governance, 7(1), 61–75.

Hylén, T. (2025). The Karbala Story and Early Shi’te Identity. Edinburg University Press.

Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167–214.

Juneau, T. (2016). Iran’s policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: A limited return on a modest investment. International Aff airs, 92(3), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12599

Khalili, E. (2014). The foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran: Ideology and pragmatism in Iran. International Academic Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 28–34.

Mirza, M.N., Abbas, H., Qaisrani, I.H. (2021). Structural sources of Saudi-Iran rivalry and competition for the sphere of infl uence. SAGE Open, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032642

Mohammad Nia, M., Seifi , A. (2015). The ideational nature of Iranian-Saudi interaction. Iranian Review of Foreign Aff airs, 5(4), 91–117.

Nakhoul, S. (2015, March 23). Iran expands regional ‘empire’ ahead of nuclear deal. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-iran-region-insight/iran-expands-regional-empireahead-of-nuclear-deal-idUSKBN0MJ1G520150323

Osiewicz, P. (2017). The ongoing military confl icts in Syria and Yemen: Recent developments, their consequences, and scenarios. Przegląd Strategiczny, 10, 483–498. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2017.1.25

Partrick, N. (2016). Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Confl ict and Cooperation. I.B. Tauris.

PBS. (n.d.). The Iran-Contra Aff air. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reagan-iran/

Peace Research Center Prague. (n.d.). Iran vs. Iraq: 1988–2003. https://www.prcprague.cz/fcdataset/iran-iraq

Percze, M. (2024). The role of Saudi Arabia and Egypt in the Yemeni civil wars. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 3(2), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2023.3.2.163

Rasler, K. (2020). Revolution and rivalry onset: The emergence of the Egyptian-Saudi (1955–1970) and Iranian-Saudi (1979–2018) rivalries. In: I. Mansour, I.M. Thompson (Eds.), Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 163–177). Georgetown University Press.

Rezaei, F. (2019). Iran’s Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists. Palgrave Macmillan.

Riedel, B. (2017, December 18). Who are the Houthis, and why are we at war with them? Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/

Rubin, L. (2014). Islam and Balance: Ideational Threats in Arab Politics. Stanford University Press.

Santini, R.H. (2017). A new regional cold war in the Middle East and North Africa: Regional security complex theory revisited. The International Spectator, 52(4), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1371487

Serr, M. (2018). Understanding the War in Yemen. Israel Journal of Foreign Aff airs, 11(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2017.1419405

Soage, A.B. (2018, May 17). Iraq and Yemen: The new Iranian proxies? Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies. https://www.ieee.es/en/Galerias/fi chero/docs_opinion/2018/DIEEEO58-2018_IrakYemen_SatelitesIran_AnaBelSoage_ENGLISH.pdf

Symonds, P. (2014, June 19). Saudi Arabia warns of civil war in Iraq with “unpredictable consequences.”World Socialist Web Site. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/06/19/saud-j19.html

Ulrichsen, K.C. (2015). Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era. Oxford University Press.

Wehrey, F.M. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Gulf. Columbia University Press.

Weiss, C. (2019, August 17). Analysis: Houthi naval attacks in the Red Sea. FDD’s Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/08/analysis-houthi-naval-attacks-inthe-red-sea.php

Winston, A. (2024, June 14). Israel-Iran alliance: Jerusalem’s arm sales to the Islamic Republic during Iran-Iraq War. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-806039

Zweiri, M. (2016). Iran and political dynamism in the Arab world: The case of Yemen. Digest of Middle East Studies, 25, 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12078




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2025.20.1.7-20
Data publikacji: 2026-07-20 11:23:14
Data złożenia artykułu: 2025-11-15 16:37:09


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 0
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 0

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Robin KURAL

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.