Direct Expenditures vs Tax Expenditures in Fiscal Policy

Adam Wyszkowski

Abstract


In the implementation of fiscal policy, public authority used many kinds of fiscal instruments. Except direct expenditures in achieving the policy objectives, many countries use tax preferences, tax reliefs which are called tax expenditures. Those instruments seem to be very similar, so they are often considered to be substitutes. However, because of their specificity, TEs seem to be less transparent and often beyond social control. Therefore, in implementing the principle of transparency of fiscal policy, it seems necessary to compare current instruments with their current control.


Keywords


direct expenditures; tax expenditures; public expenditures; fiscal policy; transparency in fiscal policy

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Burman L.E., Phaup M., Tax Expenditures, The Size and Efficiency of Government, and Implications for Budget reform, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 17268, Cambridge, MA, 2011.

Dziemianowicz R. (red.), Tax expenditures jako narzędzie transparentnej polityki fiskalnej. Definicja, szacowanie i ocena, CeDeWu.pl, Warszawa 2015.

IBP, Guide to Transparency in Public Finances Looking Beyond the Core Budget. 2 Tax Expenditures, The Open Budget Initiative, Washington, D.C., www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/Looking-Beyond-the-Budget [dostęp: 10.09.2017].

James S., Nobes C., The Economics of Taxation, Prentice Hall Europe, 1987.

Jul A.M., Off-Budget Operations, Inter-American Development Bank: IDB, Santiago 2006.

Klein E., Wonkbook: Tax spending vs. government spending, “The Washington Post” 2012.

Kleinbard E., Tax Expenditure Framework Legislation, “National Tax Journal” 2010, Vol. 63(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2010.2.09.

Kopits G., Craig J., Transparency in Government Operations, IMF Occasional Paper 158. Washington D.C., 1998.

Kraan D.J., Off-budget and Tax Expenditures, “OECD Journal on Budgeting” 2004, Vol. 4(1).

OECD, OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency, Paris 2002, www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/Best%20Practices%20Budget%20Transparency%20-%20complete%20with%20cover%20page.pdf [dostęp: 10.09.2017].

OECD, Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries, Paris 2010.

Partnership for Sustainable Global Growth, Interim Committee Declaration, Washington, D.C. September 29, 1996.

Promoting Open Budgets, http://wbi.worldbank.org/boost/tools-resources/open-budgets [dostęp: 10.09.2017].

Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSCs), www.imf.org/external/np/rosc/rosc.aspx [dostęp: 10.09.2017].

Tax Expenditures Statement 2012, Commonwealth of Australia, 2013.

World Bank, Module 7: Fiscal Transparency, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/285741-1326399585993/ModuleFiscalTransparency.pdf [dostęp: 09.10.2017].

Wyszkowski A., Koncepcja tax expenditures w systemie podatkowym, „Gospodarka Narodowa” 2010, nr 9.

Wyszkowski A., Pomiar i metody szacowania tax expenditures, [w:] R. Dziemianowicz (red.), Tax expenditures jako narzędzie transparentnej polityki fiskalnej. Definicja, szacowanie i ocena, CeDeWu.pl, Warszawa 2015.

Villela L., Lemgruber A., Jorratt M., Tax Expenditure Budgets. Concepts and Challenges for Implementation, IDB Working Paper Series, No. IDB-WP-131, 2010.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2017.51.5.381
Date of publication: 2017-12-22 12:03:03
Date of submission: 2017-04-25 09:12:41


Statistics


Total abstract view - 941
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Adam Wyszkowski

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.