Hide
Show all
Email this article 
Europeans as Foreigners. Relations Between the West and Timur’s Chagatai Empire at the Turn of the 14th and 15th Centuries: A Contribution to Studies on the Role Played by Embajada a Tamorlán in Contacts Between christianitas latina and the Mongols
Abstract
The aim the article is not to provide a holistic view of the relations between the world of the Latin civilisation, christianitas latina, and the world of the Mongols and their heritage in Central and Eastern Asia. The author’s intention is to describe the relations between representatives of Western Europe and Timur’s Chagatai empire from the period preceding a diplomatic mission of Castilian envoys to Samarkand, which played a very important role in historical and cultural studies of this period. In 1403, Henry III, King of Castile and Léon (1390–1406), sent a group of envoys led by hidalgo Ruy González de Clavijo, the Dominican friar Alonso Páez de Santa María, and the King’s guard, Gómez de Salazar, on a diplomatic mission to Timur (also known as Tamerlane) in Samarkand. The envoys travelled through the Mediterranean Sea, Rhodes, Constantinople, Trebizond, Erzincan, Erzurum, Tabriz, and next through Sultania and Tehran, before they finally arrived in Samarkand. The account of their mission, which ended in 1406, was written in a form of a narrative entitled Embajada a Tamorlán and is the oldest Castilian book of travels.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Sources
Das Marienburger Tresslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409, Hrsg. E. Joachim, Königsberg 1896.
Dietrich von Nyem, De scismate libri tres, Hrsg. G. Erler, Bd. 3, Leipzig 1890.
Histoire générale et raisonnée de la diplomatie française: ou de la politique de la France, depuis la fondation de la monarchie, jusqu’à la fin du règne de Louis XVI; avec des tables chronologiques de tous les traitésconclus par la France, par M. de Flassan, Vol. 1, Paris 1811.
Johann Schiltberger, The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, transl. B. Telfer, London 1879 (reprinted: London 2013).
Rubió i Lluch A., Diplomatari de l’Orient català (1301–1409): collecció de documents per a la història de l’expedició catalana a Orient i dels ducats d’Atenes i Neopàtria, pròleg de M.T. Ferrer i Mallol, Barcelona 1947 (reprinted: Barcelona 2001).
Ruy González de Clavijo, Embajada a Tamorlán, estudio y edición de un manuscrito del siglo XV por Francisco López Estrada, Madrid 1943 (new edition: Madrid 1999).
Literature
Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru M.-M., La campagne de Timur enAnatolie (1402), Bucarest 1942 (reprinted: London 1977).
Ashtor E., Levant Trade in the Middle Ages, Princeton 1983.
Baldwin M.W., Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, [in:] A History of the Crusades, ed. K.M. Setton, Vol. 5: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East, eds. N.P. Zacour, H.W. Hazard, Madison 1985.
Barker J.W., Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, New Brunswick 1969.
Bezzola G.A., Die Mongolen in abendländischer Sicht (1220–1270). Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen, Bern–München 1974.
Brun M.A.O., Historia de la Diplomacia Española, Vol. 1, Madrid 1990.
Burkiewicz Ł., Cypryjska wyprawa marszałka Boucicaut (1403), [in:] Polonia – Italia – Mediterraneum. Studia ofiarowane Pani Profesor Danucie Quirini-Popławskiej, red. Ł. Burkiewicz, P. Wróbel, W. Mruk, R. Hryszko, Kraków 2018.
Burkiewicz Ł., Rola arcybiskupa Jana z Sultanii w stosunkach dyplomatycznych pomiędzy Mongołami a Europą Zachodnią na przełomie XIV i XV w., „Prace Historyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego” 2017, t. 144, nr 1.
Burkiewicz Ł., Two Christian princesses offered as Timur’s present for King Henry III of Castile. The analysis of the introduction to Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo’s narrative (1403–1406), „Perspektywy Kultury” 2015, nr 13.
Burkiewicz, Ł., Życie codzienne w podróży na przykładzie Ambasady do Tamerlana (1403–1406). Z badań nad relacjami międzykulturowymi, Kraków 2019.
Cirac Estopañán S., Bizancio y España. La Unión, Manuel II Paleólogo y sus recuerdos en España, Barcelona 1952.
Contreras y López de Ayala Loyoza J. de, Doña Angelina de Grecia: ensayo biográfico, por Juan de Contreras; con una carta prólogo del Excelentísimo Conde de Cedillo, de la Real Academia de la Historia, Segovia 1913.
Dąbrowska M., Bizantyński poseł w Paryżu w 1408 r., „Przegląd Nauk Historycznych” 2014, nr 2.
Dąbrowska M., Jan VII Paleolog, [in:] Encyklopedia kultury bizantyńskiej, red. O. Jurewicz, Warszawa 2002.
Delaville Le Roulx J., La France en Orient an XIVe siècle. Expéditions du Maréchal Boucicaut, Vol. 2, Paris 1886.
Delaville Le Roulx J., Les hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu’à la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310–1421), Paris 1913.
Delaville Le Roulx J., Rapports de Tamerlan avec les chrétiens, [in:] La France en Orient au XVIe siècle, éd. J. Delaville Le Roulx, Vol. 1, Paris 1885.
Dennis G.T., The Byzantine-Turkish treaty of 1403, “Orientalia Chrystiana Periodica” 1967, Vol. 33.
Eubel C., Die während des 14. Jahrhunderst im Missionsgebiet der Dominikaner und Franziskaner errichteten Bisthümer, [in:] Festschrift zum elfhundertjährigen Jubiliäum des Deutschen Campo Santo in Rom, Hrsg. S. Ehses, Freiburg 1897.
Ezquerra Abadía R., Ruy González de Clavijo, viajero de Asia Central, Madrid 1974.
Grabski A.F., Nowe świadectwo o Benedykcie Polaku i najeździe Tatarów w 1241 r., „Sobótka” 1968, t. 23.
Iorga N., Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoires de croisades au XVe siècle, Paris 1899.
Jackson P., The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, Harlow 2005.
Kałużyński S., Dawni Mongołowie, Warszawa 1983.
Knobler A., Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration, Leiden–Boston 2017.
Knobler A., The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405, “Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society” 1995, Vol. 5, No. 3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S135618630000660X.
Lindgren U., The Problems of Being a Foreigner: Ruy González de Clavijo’s Journey to Samarkand, “Clio Medica” 1980, Vol. 14, No. 3/4.
Lockhart L., European Contacts with Persia, 1350–1736, [in:] The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods, eds. P. Jackson, L. Lockhart, Cambridge 1986.
Loenertz R., La Societé des Frères Pérégrinants, Rome 1937.
Loenertz R., Les Missions Dominicainesen Orient au XIVe siècle et la Société des Frères Pérégrinants pour le Christ, « Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum » 1932, Vol. 2.
Loenertz R., Les Missions Dominicainesen Orient et la Société des Frères Pérégrinants, « Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum » 1933, Vol. 3.
López de Meneses A., Los consulados catalanes de Alejandría y Damasco en el reinado de Pedro el Ceremonioso, “Estudios de la Edad Media de la Corona de Aragon” 1956, Vol. 6.
López Estrada F., Introducción, [in:] Ruy González de Clavijo, Embajada a Tamorlán, estudio y edición de un manuscrito del siglo XV por Francisco López Estrada, Madrid 1943 (new edition: Madrid 1999).
López Estrada F., Ruy González de Clavijo. La embajada a Tamorlán. Relato del viaje hasta Samarcanda y regreso (1403–1406), “Arbor” 2005, Vol. 180, No. 711–712, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2005.i711/712.456.
López Estrada F., Sobre el ms. de la Embajada a Tamorlán del British Museum, “Archivo de Filología Aragonesa” 1956–1957, No. 8–9.
Luttrell A., The Hospitallers at Rhodes: 1306–1421, [in:] A History of the Crusades, ed. K.M. Setton, Vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. H.W. Hazard, Madison 1975.
Luttrell A., Timur’s Dominican Envoy, [in:] Studies in Ottoman History in Honour of Professor V.L. Menage, eds. C. Heywood, C. Imber, Istanbul 1994.
Małowist M., Tamerlan i jego czasy, Warszawa 1985.
Manz B.F., Mongol History Rewritten and Relived, « Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée » 1999, Vol. 89–90.
Manz B.F., Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Cambridge–New York 2007.
Manz B.F., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge 1989.
Manz B.F., The Ulus Chaghatay before and after Temür’s Rise to Power. The Transformation from Tribal Confederation to Army of Conquest, “Central Asiatic Journal” 1983, Vol. 27, No. 1–2.
Manz B.F., Dunaway M.L., Clavijo, Ruy González de, [in:] Encyclopaedia Iranica, ed. E. Yarshater, Vol. 5, fasc. 7, London–Boston 1992.
Miłkowski T., Machcewicz P., Historia Hiszpanii, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków 1998.
Montojo Jiménez C., La diplomacia castellana bajo Enrique III: estudio preliminar de la embajada de Ruy González de Clavijo a la corte de Tamerlán, Madrid 2004.
Moranvillé H., Mémoire sur Tamerlan et sa Cour par un Dominicain, en 1403, Paris 1894.
Morgan D., The Empire of Tamerlane. An Unsuccessful Re-run of the Mongol State?, [in:] The Medieval State. Essays in Honour of James Campbell, eds. J.R. Maddicott, D.M. Palliser, London 2000.
Moula A.C., Christians in China before 1550, London 1930.
Neumann K.F., Reisen des Johannes Schiltberger aus München in Europa, Asia und Afrika von 1394 bis 1427, München–Berlin 1859 (reprinted: Amsterdam 1976).
Nicol D.M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, Cambridge 1993.
Nicola D. De, Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206–1335, Edinburgh 2017.
Ostrogorski G., Dzieje Bizancjum, Warszawa 2012.
Pelliot P., Les Mongols et la Papauté, « Revue de l’Orient Chretien » 1924, Vol. 24.
Pelliot P., Les Mongols et la Papauté, « Revue de l’Orient Chretien » 1931–1932, Vol. 28.
Pelliot P., Les Mongols et la Papauté, « Revue de l’Orient Chretien » 1922–1923, Vol. 23.
Richard J., Essor et déclin de l’église catholique de Chine au XIVe siècle, « Bulletin de la Société des missions étrangères de Paris » 1960, ser. 2, n° 134.
Richard J., La Papauté et les Missions d’Orient au Moyen Age (XIIIe–XVe siècles), Rome 1977.
Roemer H.R., Timur in Iran, [in:] The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. L. Lockhart, Vol. 6, Cambridge 1986.
Roux J.P., La tolérance religieuse dans les Empires turco-mongols, « Revue de l’histoire des religions » 1986, Vol. 203, n° 2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1986.2632.
Roxburgh D.J., Ruy González de Clavijo’s narrative of courtly life and ceremony in Timur’s Samarqand, 1404, [in:] The ‘Book’ of Travels: Genre, Ethnology, and Pilgrimage, 1250–1700, ed. P. Brummett, Leiden 2009.
Rubiés J.-P., Late Medieval Ambassadors and the Practice of Cross-Cultural Encounters 1250–1450, [in:] The ‘Book’ of Travels: Genre, Ethnology, and Pilgrimage, 1250–1700, ed. P. Brummett, Leiden–Boston 2009.
Sacy S. de, Mémoire sur une correspondance inédite de Tamerlan avec Charles VI, « Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres » 1822, Vol. 6, DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/minf.1822.1201.
Schmieder F., Europa und die Fremden. Die Mongolen im Urteil des Abendlandes vom 13. bis in das 15. Jahrhundert, Sigmaringen 1994.
Setton K.M., The Papacy and the Levant, Vol. 1, Philadelphia 1976.
Sinica Franciscana, ed. A. van der Wyngaert, Vol. 1: Itinera et relationes Fratrum Minorum saeculi XIII et XIV, Quarachi 1929.
Sinor D., The Mongols and Western Europe, [in:] A History of the Crusades, ed. K.M. Setton, Vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. H.W. Hazard, Madison 1975.
Sinor D., The Mongols in the West, “Journal of Asian History” 1999, Vol. 33, No. 1.
Spotkanie dwóch światów. Stolica Apostolska a świat mongolski w połowie XIII wieku. Relacje powstałe w związku z misją Jana di Piano Carpiniego do Mongołów, red. J. Strzelczyk, Poznań 1993.
Šilc J., Nadškof iż Perzije podeli v Celju odpustek šmarnogorskim božjepotnikom. Listina nadkola Janeza iż Sultanije, spisana v Celju leta 1411, „Zgodovina za vse” 2006, št. 2.
Travels and Adventures 1435–1439, ed. M. Letts, London 1926.
Tuñón de Lara M., Valdeón Baruque J., Domínquez Ortiz A., Historia Hiszpanii, Kraków 1999.
Woods J.E., Timur Genealogy, [in:] Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson, eds. M.M. Mazzaoui, V.B. Moreen, Salt Lake City 1990.
Wyngaert A. van den, Jean de Mont Corvin, O.F.M., premier évêque de Khanbaliq (1247–1328), Lille 1924.
Yule H., Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, 2 vols., London 1866.
Zwiercan A., Benedykt Polak, [in:] Encyklopedia katolicka, red. F. Gryglewicz, R. Łukaszyk, Z. Sułowski, t. 2, Lublin 1985.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/f.2018.73.83-103
Date of publication: 2019-05-27 11:28:51
Date of submission: 2018-09-30 14:27:38
Statistics
Indicators
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Łukasz Burkiewicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.